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Irish-built-in British writer and philosopher (1919–1999)

Dame

Iris Murdoch


DBE

Iris Murdoch.jpg
Born

Jean Iris Murdoch


(1919-07-15)15 July 1919

Dublin, Ireland
Died 8 February 1999(1999-02-08) (aged 79)

Oxford, England
Nationality Irish, British
Education
  • Somerville College, Oxford
  • Newnham Higher, Cambridge

Notable work

 Sartre: Romantic Rationalist
Under the Net
The Sovereignty of Proficient
Spouse(due south)

John Bayley

​

(m. 1956)​
Awards Booker Prize
Era Contemporary philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Analytic philosophy
Virtue ethics
Mod Platonism

Notable ideas

 Sovereignty of the good
Thought of perfection

Influences

  • Plato, Simone Weil, Jean-Paul Sartre, Philippa Foot, Stuart Hampshire

Influenced

  • Philippa Foot, Elizabeth Anscombe, Martha Nussbaum

Dame Jean Iris Murdoch DBE ( MUR-dok; 15 July 1919 – viii February 1999) was an Irish and British novelist and philosopher. Murdoch is best known for her novels about good and evil, sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her first published novel, Under the Net (1954), was selected in 1998 as 1 of Modern Library'south 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. Her 1978 novel The Body of water, the Ocean won the Booker Prize. In 1987, she was made a Matriarch by Queen Elizabeth II for services to literature. In 2008, The Times ranked Murdoch twelfth on a listing of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[1]

Her other books include The Bell (1958), A Severed Head (1961), The Carmine and the Green (1965), The Overnice and the Adept (1968), The Black Prince (1973), Henry and Cato (1976), The Philosopher'southward Pupil (1983), The Good Apprentice (1985), The Book and the Alliance (1987), The Message to the Planet (1989), and The Dark-green Knight (1993).

Life [edit]

Murdoch was born in Phibsborough, Dublin, Ireland, the daughter of Irene Alice (née Richardson, 1899–1985)[2] and Wills John Hughes Murdoch. Her father, a civil servant, came from a mainly Presbyterian sheep farming family unit from Hillhall, Canton Down. In 1915, he enlisted equally a soldier in King Edward'southward Equus caballus and served in France during the First World State of war before being commissioned as a Second lieutenant. Her mother had trained equally a vocalist before Iris was built-in, and was from a middle-form Church of Republic of ireland family in Dublin. Iris Murdoch'due south parents first met in Dublin when her begetter was on go out and were married in 1918.[3] : 14 Iris was the couple'southward just kid. When she was a few weeks old the family unit moved to London, where her father had joined the Ministry of Health every bit a second-form clerk.[4] : 67 She is a 2nd cousin of the Irish mathematician Brian Murdoch.[iii]

Murdoch was brought upwards in Chiswick[5] and educated in progressive independent schools, entering the Froebel Demonstration Schoolhouse in 1925 and attending Badminton Schoolhouse in Bristol every bit a boarder from 1932 to 1938. In 1938 she went up to Somerville College, Oxford, with the intention of studying English, but switched to "Greats", a course of report combining classics, aboriginal history, and philosophy.[six] At Oxford she studied philosophy with Donald K. MacKinnon and attended Eduard Fraenkel's seminars on Agamemnon.[3] She was awarded a showtime-class honours degree in 1942.[vii] Subsequently leaving Oxford she went to work in London for HM Treasury. In June 1944 she left the Treasury and went to piece of work for the UNRRA. At first she was stationed in London at the agency's European Regional Office. In 1945 she was transferred get-go to Brussels, then to Innsbruck, and finally to Graz, Austria, where she worked in a refugee camp. She left the UNRRA in 1946.[3] : 245

From 1947 to 1948 Iris Murdoch studied philosophy as a postgraduate at Newnham College, Cambridge. She met Wittgenstein at Cambridge but did not hear him lecture, as he had left his Trinity College professorship before she arrived.[iii] : 262–263 [8] In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne'southward College, Oxford, where she taught philosophy until 1963. From 1963 to 1967 she taught 1 day a week in the General Studies department at the Royal College of Art.[3] : 469

In 1956 Murdoch married John Bayley, a literary critic, novelist, and from 1974 to 1992 Warton Professor of English language at Oxford Academy, whom she had met in Oxford in 1954. The unusual romantic partnership lasted more than xl years until Murdoch'southward death. Bayley idea that sex activity was "inescapably ridiculous." Murdoch in dissimilarity had "multiple affairs with both men and women which, on discomposing occasions, [Bayley] witnessed for himself".[nine] [10]

Iris Murdoch'due south get-go novel, Under the Net, was published in 1954. She had previously published essays on philosophy, and the first monograph about Jean-Paul Sartre published in English. She went on to produce 25 more novels and additional works of philosophy, equally well every bit poetry and drama. In 1976 she was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire and in 1987 was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.[3] : 571, 575 She was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Bath (DLitt, 1983),[eleven] Academy of Cambridge (1993)[12] and Kingston University (1994), among others. She was elected a Strange Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982.[xiii]

Her last novel, Jackson'south Dilemma, was published in 1995. Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1997 and died in 1999 in Oxford.[8] There is a bench dedicated to her in the grounds of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, where she used to savor walking.[xiv]

Work [edit]

Philosophy [edit]

For some time, Murdoch's influence and achievements as a philosopher were eclipsed by her success as a novelist, but recent appraisals have increasingly accorded her a substantial function in postwar Anglo-American philosophy, particularly for her unfashionably prescient work in moral philosophy and her reinterpretation of Aristotle and Plato. Martha Nussbaum has argued for Murdoch's "transformative touch on on the bailiwick" of moral philosophy because she directed her analysis not at the once-ascendant matters of volition and option, only at those of attention (how people learn to encounter and conceive of one some other) and astounding experience (how the sensory "thinginess" of life shapes moral sensibility).[15]

In a contempo survey of Murdoch'south philosophical work, Justin Broackes points to several distinctive features of Murdoch's moral philosophy, including a "moral realism or 'naturalism', allowing into the world cases of such properties as humility or generosity; an anti‐scientism; a rejection of Humean moral psychology; a sort of 'particularism'; special attention to the virtues; and accent on the metaphor of moral perception or 'seeing' moral facts."[xvi] Broackes as well notes that Murdoch's influence on the subject area of philosophy was sometimes indirect, since it impacted both her contemporaries and the following generation of philosophers, peculiarly Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Human foot, John McDowell, and Bernard Williams.[17] She sent copies of her before novels to Anscombe, but there is nothing in Anscombe's writing which reflects any of these.

Her philosophical piece of work was influenced by Simone Weil (from whom she borrows the concept of 'attention'), and by Plato, under whose imprint she claimed to fight.[18] : 76 In re-animating Plato, she gives force to the reality of the Proficient, and to a sense of the moral life as a pilgrimage from illusion to reality. From this perspective, Murdoch'southward piece of work offers perceptive criticism of Kant, Sartre and Wittgenstein ('early' and 'late'). Her well-nigh central parable, which appears in The Sovereignty of Adept, asks usa (in Nussbaum's succinct account), "to imagine a mother-in-law, Yard, who has contempt for D, her daughter-in-law. 1000 sees D as common, cheap, low. Since Thousand is a self-controlled Englishwoman, she behaves (so Murdoch stipulates) with perfect graciousness all the while, and no hint of her real view surfaces in her acts. But she realizes, too, that her feelings and thoughts are unworthy, and likely to be generated by jealousy and an excessively corking desire to hang on to her son. So she sets herself a moral task: she will modify her view of D, making it more than accurate, less marred by selfishness. She gives herself exercises in vision: where she is inclined to say 'fibroid,' she volition say, and see, 'spontaneous.' Where she is inclined to say 'common,' she will say, and see, 'fresh and naive.' As fourth dimension goes on, the new images supplant the quondam. Eventually M does not have to make such an effort to control her actions: they period naturally from the style she has come to see D."[15] This is how M cultivates a pattern of behavior that leads her to view D "justly or lovingly".[19] : 317 The parable is partly meant to prove (confronting Oxford contemporaries including R. 1000. Hare and Stuart Hampshire) the importance of the 'inner' life to moral activeness. Seeing another correctly can depend on overcoming jealousy, and discoveries nearly the world involve inner work.

Fiction [edit]

Her novels, in their attention and generosity to the inner lives of individuals, follow the tradition of novelists similar Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, George Eliot, and Proust, besides showing an abiding dearest of Shakespeare. In that location is nonetheless great multifariousness in her achievement, and the richly layered structure and compelling realistic comic imagination of The Blackness Prince (1973) is very different from the early comic work Under the Net (1954) or The Unicorn (1963). The Unicorn can be read as a sophisticated Gothic romance, or every bit a novel with Gothic trappings, or perchance equally a parody of the Gothic way of writing. The Black Prince, for which Murdoch won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, is a written report of erotic obsession, and the text becomes more than complicated, suggesting multiple interpretations, when subordinate characters contradict the narrator and the mysterious "editor" of the book in a serial of afterwords. Though her novels differ markedly, and her way developed, themes recur. Her novels often include upper-eye-class male intellectuals defenseless in moral dilemmas, gay characters, refugees, Anglo-Catholics with crises of faith, empathetic pets, curiously "knowing" children and sometimes a powerful and almost demonic male person "enchanter" who imposes his volition on the other characters—a blazon of human Murdoch is said to accept modelled on her lover, the Nobel laureate Elias Canetti.[three] : 350–352

Murdoch was awarded the Booker Prize in 1978 for The Sea, the Sea, a finely detailed novel about the power of beloved and loss, featuring a retired stage director who is overwhelmed past jealousy when he meets his sometime lover later on several decades apart. An authorised collection of her poetic writings, Poems past Iris Murdoch, appeared in 1997, edited by Paul Hullah and Yozo Muroya. Several of her works take been adapted for the screen, including the British television serial of her novels An Unofficial Rose and The Bell. J. B. Priestley'southward dramatisation of her 1961 novel A Severed Caput starred Ian Holm and Richard Attenborough.

In 1997, she was awarded the Golden PEN Award past English PEN for "a Lifetime'south Distinguished Service to Literature".[20]

Literary critics and theorists take given her mixed reviews. Harold Flower wrote in his 1986 review of The Good Apprentice that 'no other contemporary British novelist' seemed of her 'eminence'.[21] A. S. Byatt called her 'a smashing philosophical novelist'.[22] James Woods wrote in How Fiction Works: 'In her literary and philosophical criticism, she over again and over again stresses that the cosmos of free and independent characters is the marker of a cracking novelist; yet her own characters never have this freedom.' He stressed that some authors, 'similar Tolstoy, Trollope, Balzac and Dickens', wrote virtually people different from themselves by pick, whereas others, such equally 'James, Flaubert, Lawrence, Woolf', accept more than interest in the self. Wood called Murdoch 'poignant', because she spent her whole life in writing in the latter category, whilst she struggled to fit herself into the former.[23] In an assessment of her Booker Prize winning novel The Sea, the Sea, Sam Jordison, creator of the poll Crap Towns, declared that the volume contained 'scenes of absurd melodrama' and 'mystical bollocks'. He did, however, praise Murdoch'southward comic set-pieces, and her portrayal of self-cant.[24]

Political views [edit]

Murdoch won a scholarship to study at Vassar Higher in 1946, but was refused a visa to enter the United States because she had joined the Communist Party of Great U.k. in 1938, while a student at Oxford. She left the party in 1942, when she went to work at the Treasury, but remained sympathetic to communism for several years.[iii] : 172 [25] : 15 In subsequently years she was allowed to visit the Us, but always had to obtain a waiver from the provisions of the McCarran Deed, which barred Communist Party members and former members from inbound the country. In a 1990 Paris Review interview she said that her membership of the Communist Party had made her see "how strong and how atrocious it [Marxism] is, certainly in its organized form".[26] : 210

Bated from her Communist Party membership, her Irish heritage is the sensitive aspect of Murdoch'south political life that seems to attract interest. Role of the interest revolves around the fact that, although Irish past both nascency and traced descent on both sides, Murdoch did not display the full set of political opinions that are sometimes assumed to go with this origin: "No one e'er agrees about who is entitled to lay claim to Irishness. Iris's Belfast cousins today call themselves British, not Irish... [just] with both parents brought up in Ireland, and an ancestry within Ireland both North and South going back 3 centuries, Iris has as valid a merits to call herself Irish as well-nigh North Americans have to call themselves American".[3] : 24 Conradi notes A. N. Wilson'south record that Murdoch regretted the sympathetic portrayal of the Irish nationalist cause she had given earlier in The Carmine and the Green, and a competing defence of the volume at Caen in 1978.[3] : 465 The novel, while broad of sympathy, is hardly an unambiguous celebration of the 1916 rise, home upon mortality, unintended consequences and the evils of romanticism, too celebrating selfless individuals on both sides. Later, of Ian Paisley, Murdoch stated "[he] sincerely condemns violence and did not intend to incite the Protestant terrorists. That he is emotional and angry is not surprising, later 12–xv years of murderous IRA activity. All this business concern is deep in my soul, I'chiliad afraid."[3] : 465 In private correspondence with her close friend and boyfriend philosopher Philippa Foot, she remarked in 1978 that she felt "unsentimental about Ireland to the point of hatred" and, of a Franco-Irish conference she had attended in Caen in 1982, said that "the sounds of all those Irish voices made me experience privately sick. They only couldn't help sympathising with the IRA, like Americans do. A mad bad world".[27]

Biographies and memoirs [edit]

Peter J. Conradi's 2001 biography was the fruit of long research and authorised access to journals and other papers. It is also a labour of beloved, and of a friendship with Murdoch that extended from a meeting at her Gifford Lectures to her death. The book was well received. John Updike commented: "There would be no need to complain of literary biographies [...] if they were all equally practiced".[28] The text addresses many popular questions most Murdoch, such every bit how Irish gaelic she was, what her politics were, etc. Though not a trained philosopher, Conradi's interest in Murdoch's accomplishment equally a thinker is evident in the biography, and all the same more than so in his before work of literary criticism The Saint and the Artist: A Report of Iris Murdoch's Works (Macmillan 1986, HarperCollins 2001). He also recalled his personal encounters with Murdoch in Going Buddhist: Panic and Emptiness, the Buddha and Me. (Brusque Books, 2005). Conradi'south archive of fabric on Murdoch, together with Iris Murdoch's Oxford library, is held at Kingston University.[29]

An account of Murdoch'southward life with a different ambition is given by A. N. Wilson in his 2003 book Iris Murdoch as I Knew Her. The work was described by Galen Strawson in The Guardian as "mischievously revelatory" and labelled by Wilson himself equally an "anti-biography".[30] Wilson's work is an unauthorized biography.

David Morgan met Iris Murdoch in 1964, when he was a pupil at the Royal Higher of Fine art.[3] : 475 His 2010 memoir With Love and Rage: A Friendship with Iris Murdoch, describes their lifelong friendship.[31] [32]

John Bayley wrote two memoirs of his life with Iris Murdoch. Iris: A Memoir was published in the United Kingdom in 1998, before long before her death. The American edition, which was published in 1999, was chosen Elegy for Iris. A sequel entitled Iris and the Friends was published in 1999, after her death. Murdoch was portrayed by Kate Winslet and Judi Dench in Richard Eyre's film Iris (2001), based on Bayley's memories of his wife as she developed Alzheimer'south disease.[33]

In her centenary year, 2019, a collection of unpublished memoirs was published past Sabrestorm Press entitled 'Iris Murdoch: A Centenary Celebration', edited by Miles Leeson who directs the Iris Murdoch Research Eye at the Academy of Chichester, Britain.[34]

Adaptations [edit]

BBC Radio 4 broadcast in 2015 an "Iris Murdoch season" with several memoirs by people who knew her, and dramatisations of her novels.:[35]

  • Iris Murdoch: Dream Girl
  • The Ocean, the Bounding main
  • A Severed Head

In March 2019, it was announced that the London-based award-winning production visitor Rebel Democracy Films, led by manager Garo Berberian, has optioned The Italian Girl (1964) and is currently developing a screenplay based on the volume.[36]

Bibliography [edit]

References [edit]

  1. ^ (5 Jan 2008). "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved i Feb 2010. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). The Times. Archived on 25 Apr 2011. Retrieved on 18 June 2012.
  2. ^ Meyers, Jeffrey (2013). Remembering Iris Murdoch: Letters and Interviews. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN9781137352415. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d east f chiliad h i j yard l one thousand Conradi, Peter J. (2001). Iris Murdoch : A Life. New York: Norton. ISBN0393048756.
  4. ^ Wilson, A. N. (2003). Iris Murdoch every bit I knew her. London: Hutchinson. ISBN9780091742461.
  5. ^ "Iris Murdoch Deemed Summit Pick for Adjacent Chiswick Blue Plaque". Chiswick W4. Retrieved nineteen Oct 2021.
  6. ^ Susan, Dark-brown; Patricia, Clements; Isobel, Grundy. "Iris Murdoch". Orlando: Women's Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved fifteen October 2018.
  7. ^ Somerville College. "Iris Murdoch". Somerville Stories. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  8. ^ a b Conradi, Peter J. (2004). "Murdoch, Dame (Jean) Iris (1919–1999)" ((subscription or U.k. public library membership required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Printing. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71228. ISBN978-0-19-861412-viii.
  9. ^ Ann Wroe (31 Jan 2015). "Of literature and beloved". The Economist. Archived from the original on 7 Feb 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015. Sex did non characteristic much...
  10. ^ Archer, Graeme (23 January 2015). "The secrets of Iris Murdoch and John Bayley's unconventional union". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  11. ^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present | University of Bath". Bath.ac.united kingdom. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  12. ^ [1] Archived 1 February 2013 at the Wayback Car
  13. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter Grand" (PDF). American University of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 Nov 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  14. ^ "Iris Murdoch's Oxford Life". 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  15. ^ a b Nussbaum, Martha C. (31 Dec 2001). "When she was good". New Democracy. Vol. 225. pp. 28–34.
  16. ^ Broackes, Justin. (2012). "Introduction". Iris Murdoch, philosopher: a collection of essays. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-928990-5. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015.
  17. ^ Broackes, Justin (2011). "Introduction," Iris Murdoch, Philosopher. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199289905.
  18. ^ Murdoch, Iris (2001). The Sovereignty of Proficient. London New York: Routledge. ISBN9780415253994.
  19. ^ Murdoch, Iris (1997). "The Thought of Perfection". In Peter Conradi (ed.). Existentialists and Mystics: Writings on Philosophy and Literature. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN0701166290.
  20. ^ "Gilded Pen Laurels, official website". English PEN. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  21. ^ Bloom, Harold (12 January 1986). "A one-act of worldly salvation". The New York Times . Retrieved ane November 2020.
  22. ^ Stout, Mira (26 May 1991). "What Possessed A.S. Byatt?". The New York Times . Retrieved 1 Nov 2020.
  23. ^ Wood, James (2018). How Fiction Works (2d ed.). New York: Picador. pp. 113–114.
  24. ^ Jordison, Sam (eleven February 2009). "Booker club: The Sea, the Sea". The Guardian . Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  25. ^ Todd, Richard (1984). Iris Murdoch. London: Methuen. ISBN0416354203. Here, like many other intellectuals in the 1930s, she became a member of the Communist Party; she afterwards resigned in disillusion, but remained for a long time shut to the Left.
  26. ^ Meyers, Jeffrey (Summertime 1990). "Iris Murdoch: The Art of Fiction No. 117". The Paris Review. Summertime 1990 (115): 206–224. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved twenty June 2012. But it was just as well, in a fashion, to have seen the inside of Marxism because then one realizes how stiff and how awful it is, certainly in its organized form.
  27. ^ Brown, Mark (31 Baronial 2012). "Iris Murdoch Messages Reveal Love for Shut Friend Philippa Foot". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 Oct 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  28. ^ Updike, John (1 Oct 2001). "Immature Iris". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  29. ^ Centre for Iris Murdoch Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Kingston University, Retrieved ix April 2011.
  30. ^ Strawson, Galen (6 September 2003). "Telling Tales". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 May 2007. Retrieved xix June 2012.
  31. ^ "With Love and Rage: A Friendship with Iris Murdoch". Kingston University London. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 24 Nov 2014.
  32. ^ Roberts, Laura (7 March 2010). "Dame Iris Murdoch letters reveal cloak-and-dagger dear affair". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on two April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  33. ^ Schudel, Matt (21 Jan 2015). "John Bayley, who stirred controversy with his intimate memoir of his wife, dies at 89". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  34. ^ Iris Murdoch – A Centenary Celebration www.sabrestormfiction.com, accessed 31 October 2020
  35. ^ BBC Radio four Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "Insubordinate Democracy IMDb". IMDb.
  37. ^ Murdoch, Iris (1989). The servants and the snowfall; The three arrows; The blackness prince : iii plays. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 302. ISBN9780701135904.

Sources [edit]

  • Antonaccio, Maria (2000) Picturing the human: the moral thought of Iris Murdoch OUP. ISBN 0-19-516660-4
  • Bayley, John (1999) Elegy for Iris. Picador. ISBN 0-312-25382-vi
  • Bayley, John (1998 ) Iris: A Memoir of Iris Murdoch. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-7156-2848-8
  • Bayley, John (1999) Iris and Her Friends: A Memoir of Memory and Desire. Westward. W. Norton & Company ISBN 0-393-32079-0
  • Bove, Cheryl (1993) Understanding Iris Murdoch. Columbia, Academy of South Carolina Printing. ISBN 087249876X.
  • Byatt. A.South. (1965) Degrees of Freedom: The Early Novels of Iris Murdoch. Chatto & Windus
  • Conradi, P.J. (2001) Iris Murdoch: A Life. Due west. W. Norton & Company ISBN 0-393-04875-6
  • Conradi, P.J. (foreword past John Bayley) The Saint and the Artist. Macmillan 1986, HarperCollins 2001 ISBN 0-00-712019-2
  • de Melo Araújo, Sofia & Vieira, Fátima (ed.) (2011) Iris Murdoch, Philosopher Meets Novelist. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 1-4438-2883-1
  • Dooley, Gillian (ed.) (2003) From a Tiny Corner in the House of Fiction: Conversations With Iris Murdoch. Columbia, University of S Carolina Printing ISBN i-57003-499-0
  • Laverty, Megan (2007) Iris Murdoch'south Ethics: A Consideration of Her Romantic Vision. Continuum Press ISBN 0-8264-8535-9
  • Martens, Paul. (2012) "Iris Murdoch: Kierkegaard equally Existentialist, Romantic, Hegelian, and Problematically Religious" in Kierkegaard'due south Influence on Philosophy. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-140-944055-0.
  • Mauri, Margarita (ed.) (2014). Ética y literatura. Cinco novelas de Iris Murdoch. Kit-volume. ISBN 978-84-942067-2-6.
  • Monteleone, Ester (2012) Il Bene, l'individuo, la virtù. La filosofia morale di Iris Murdoch. Rome, Armando Editore. ISBN 978-88-6677-087-9
  • Morgan, David (2010) With Dear and Rage: A Friendship with Iris Murdoch. Kingston University Press. ISBN 9781899999422
  • Widdows, Heather (2005) The Moral Vision of Iris Murdoch. Ashgate Press ISBN 0-7546-3625-nine
  • Wilson, A.N. (2003) Iris Murdoch equally I Knew Her. London, Hutchinson. ISBN 9780091742461
  • Zuba, Sonja (2009) Iris Murdoch's Contemporary Retrieval of Plato: The Influence of an Ancient Philosopher on a Modernistic Novelist. New York, Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 9780773438248

External links [edit]

  • The Iris Murdoch Research Heart at the University of Chichester, U.k. accessed 2020-01-10
  • The Iris Murdoch Building at the Dementia Services Evolution Heart, Academy of Stirling accessed 2010-02-24
  • The Iris Murdoch Archive, Kingston University, London accessed 2010-02-24. In 2014, the Heart was given 400 letters from Murdoch to the artist Harry Weinberger, a close friend from 1977 until her death in 1999.
  • Review of Conradi's Murdoch biography, Guardian 8 September 2001 accessed 2010-02-24
  • Collated reviews of Conradi biography accessed 2010-02-24
  • Collated reviews of AN Wilson biography accessed 2010-02-24
  • A series of Iris Murdoch walks in London accessed 2010-02-24
  • Review of A. N. Wilson'southward Murdoch biography; The Guardian, 6 September 2003 accessed 2010-02-24
  • Review of A. Northward. Wilson'due south Murdoch biography; The Guardian, 3 September 2003 accessed 2010-02-24
  • Joyce Carol Oates on Iris Murdoch
  • "Archival fabric relating to Iris Murdoch". Britain National Archives. Edit this at Wikidata
  • Search results for "Iris Murdoch" at PhilPapers
  • Virtue Ideals at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  • Portraits of Iris Murdoch at the National Portrait Gallery, London

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch

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